Pakistani Carpets and Rugs

Pakistani carpets are famous all over the world. The weavers are associated with this carpet industry since for the many centuries. The manufacturing of carpets in Pakistan began in the same way as in India and when the country was separated from India most of the weavers, which were muslims, moved to the Pakistanian side. Most of them found jobs in Lahore and Karachi, and at the same time the government began to support the import of quality yarn.

In Pakistan, carpets are manufactured nowadays with Australian wool yarn which furthermore is treated to lustre so these carpets are very similar to silk carpets. Carpets with a high knot density provides strong durability at a lower price than its Persian parallels.

The Pakistani carpets, which today are mass-produced (in Lahore, Karachi and Rawalpind), are divided into Mori carpets and Persian where 90% of the Mori carpets have a Bochara-like pattern and other Turkmenistan patterns. Ziegler carpets, that are manufactured in Pakistan, have patterns that are copied from older traditions in the Arak district, Persia. Carpets are also being manufactured here that gathers inspiration from Caucasian carpets and are sold as "Kazak Fine".
The carpets are made of wool, often imported, of varied quality and the warp and weft are made of cotton. The Mori carpets are woven with a single warp while the others are woven with a double warp. The dominating colour on these carpets are red but other colours occur and the carpets are often treated to lustre.
Carpets from Pakistan are sold under different names such as Bahawalpur, Hyderabad, Karachi, Multan, Peshawar and Quetta just to mention a few.
Now-a-day you can find, mainly in Pakistan, that elderly carpets are being reproduced to resemble the originals. The carpets are designed from antique, older traditional motifs and carpet styles. A typical example of these carpets are Ziegler- and Kazak carpets that are reproductions of old Persian styles such as the Mahal, Serapi, Azari and the Ardebil-motif, Kazak and Shirvan.

In principle, motifs used today can be found in museums or on carpets that are sold for astronomical sums on differrent quality auctions. These carpets are mainly manufactured in Pakistan, but can also be made in India and China where a lot of care are put into them in order to keep the traditions and ancestry from the older carpet manufacturing.

When producing the carpets natural plant dyes are used, as well as handspun wool and they even try to use the same materials and procedures that were used hundreds of years ago.At the end of the carpet production, the carpet is treated with rocks to get an antique look. Stonewashing refers to when the carpet is rubbed with stones during the washing to wear out the pile. Afterwards the carpets are exposed to heavy sun to get bleached and today it takes a well trained eye to separate an original carpet from a reproduction which is a good mark that the Pakistanians have succeeded.
The government has taken special initiavive to assist the artists and craftsmen by starting some programmes line AHAN and TUSDEC. These initiatives have been taken to assist the crafts man through computer designing and through technical training to further improve their designs. Marketing of the finished product and exports of the products of craftsman is also being supported through these initiatives.

In Israel 90% of homes have solar heaters.

Would not one wonder that in Israel, 90% of homes have solar water heaters installed. When viewed from above, the Jerusalem often glitters with the shine of the thousands of solar heaters that adorn rooftops. These heaters were first installed when the country experienced a fuel supply crisis in the early 1950s. The government responded by severely restricting the times when water could be heated. Israelis in turn responded by purchasing huge quantities of solar water heaters. By 1983, 60% of the population heated their water with the sun. A law was eventually passed requiring the installation of solar water heaters. Hawaii has enacted a law that requires all new homes to install solar water heaters. Eventually, Hawaii may have as many water heaters as Israel. In 2005, Spain became the second country (after Israel) to require solar water heaters. It also became the first country to require the installation of solar cells for electricity generation in new buildings.

In many climates, a solar heating system can provide a very high percentage (50% to 75%) of domestic hot water energy. In many northern European countries, solar power is used not only to heat water, but also to provide 15 to 25% of home heating energy. There is need to create awareness on effects of climate change and rising energy costs. There are many solar thermal
systems which are being widely used in both residential and commercial applications to provide hot water, space heating, industrial hot water and even air-conditioning. Installing just one solar thermal collector can reduce CO2 levels as much as planting more than 200 trees and is the perfect choice for people wanting to become part of the SOLUTION by reducing their carbon footprint.
India and Pakistan can also benefit as they have enough Sun shine. Installing Solar heater can reduce there dependence on fossil fuels and the general populace should benefit from this solar heating.

World Economies during 2009

The International Monetary Fund on Wednesday forecast the world economy would slow to a near standstill this year, warning that deflation risks were rising and saying toxic assets need to be removed from the banking system. It cut its forecast for global growth in 2009 to a slight 0.5 per cent, the weakest since World War Two, from a November estimate of 2.2 per cent. “Despite wide-ranging policy actions, financial strains remain acute, pulling down the real economy,” the IMF said in an updated forecast. “A sustained economic recovery will not be possible until the financial sector’s functionality is restored and credit markets are unclogged,” it added.

The outlook was even worse for advanced countries such as the United States and the eurozone, whose economies are seen contracting by 1.6 per cent and two per cent, respectively. The IMF said emerging market economies would be the only source of growth, expanding 3.3 per cent in 2009 and five per cent next year, but those forecasts as well were below projections made less than three months ago. The Fund said it expected the world economy to gradually recover in 2010 and growth to resume to around three per cent.Japan’s economy would shrink by 2.6 per cent in 2009 instead of the mild prior estimate of 0.2 per cent. The world’s second-largest economy would be in recession for the second consecutive year, following a 0.3 per cent contraction in 2008.

The 27-member eurozone economy would hit a wall, suffering a two per cent contraction after growing one per cent in 2008. The previous 2009 estimate was for a 0.5 per cent contraction. Germany, Europe’s biggest economy, would shrink by 2.5 per cent this year after a 1.3 per cent expansion in 2008, according to IMF figures published six days ago. Britain would suffer the most, with gross domestic product (GDP) activity contracting 2.8 per cent, after 0.7 per cent growth last year. Of the major advanced economies, Canada would be the least affected, hit with a 1.2 per cent contraction. Developing countries were forecast to have relatively weak growth of 3.3 per cent in 2009, about half the 6.3 per cent expansion of last year. China would remain the world’s fastest-growing economy, putting in a 6.7 per cent pace, down from nine per cent in 2008. India’s economic growth would slow to 5.1 per cent after 7.3 per cent.

Balochistan woderful land for Jatropha cultivation leading to local Biofuel production and fuel self-reliance.

The finitude of fossil fuels, concerns for energy security and the need to respond to climate change have led to growing worldwide interests in biofuels. Biofuels are viewed by many policy makers as a key to reducing reliance on foreign oil, lowering emissions of greenhouse gases and meeting rural development goals. However, political and public support for biofuels has recently been undermined due to environmental and food security concerns, and by reports questioning the rationale that biofuels substantially reduce carbon emissions. There is a need to discuss the promise of biofuels as a renewable energy source; critically evaluate the environmental and societal costs of biofuel use; and highlight on-going developments in biofuel feedstock selection and production technologies. Also there is a need to highlight net positive greenhouse gases emissions, threats to forests and biodiversity, food price increases, and competition for water resources as the key negative impacts of biofuel use. Can any one show that some of these environmental and societal costs may be ameliorated or reversed with the development and use of next generation biofuel feedstocks (e.g., waste biomass) and production technologies (e.g., pyrolysis).
Certain types of biofuels do represent potential sources of alternative energy, but their use needs to be tempered with a comprehensive assessment of their environmental impacts. Together with increased energy conservation, efficiencies and technologies such as solar-power and wind turbines, biofuels should be included in a diverse portfolio of renewable energy sources to reduce our dependence on the planet’s finite supply of fossil fuels and to insure a sustainable future.
“The News” dated 12 October, 2008, a daily newspaper published tender for supply of Jatropha seed from Punjab Forest Department for supply of Jetropha Curcas seeds. Some argue it is a great news for commercialization of Jetropha in Pakistan. Other say opposite, because they consider it an exotic specie.
The Coastal Line of Balochistan a stretch of 11,00 Km is a possbile vanue to be considered for cultivation of Jatropha and paml oil cultivation. Some experiments are already in for cultivation of palm oil in coastal areas of Balochistan. Balochistan due to its hugeness of area offer best oppertunity for Jatropha cultivation. If Jatropha cultivation ventured in Balochistan province I am cent percent certain that it will bring an economic revolution in Balochistan province, Pakistan.

Woman gives birth to eight healthy babies

Eight babies born to a mother in Southern California --only the second set of octuplets born alive in the US --- were in stable condition and breathing on their own, doctors said on Tuesday. Dr Mandhir Gupta, a neonatologist at Kaiser Permanente Bellflower Medical Centre, told ABC television that the babies “are doing actually very, very well”.
Two of the newborns were initially put on ventilators, but their breathing tubes have been removed. “Only three babies need some sort of oxygen through the nose right now but they are breathing on their own,” Dr Gupta said on “Good Morning America”.
The six boys and two girls were born on Monday, weighing between 1 pound, 8 ounces (0.67kg) and 3 pounds, 4 ounces (1.47kg). The mother’s identity has not been released. The world’s first live octuplets were born in March 1967 in Mexico City, but all died within 14 hours, according to Encyclopaedia Britannica.
The United States’ first live octuplets were born in Houston in 1998, three months premature. The tiniest died a week after the birth. The surviving siblings turned 10 in December. Their parents, Nkem Chukwu and Iyke Louis Udobi, told The Associated Press that they were delighted to hear another mother managed the same feat.
“It’s a blessing, truly a blessing,” Chukwu said. “We’ll keep praying for them.” Doctors had been expecting only seven babies. Just five minutes after the first birth, the unexpected eighth baby came out.

Sustainable Alternative to Fire Wood-Briquettes

Agro-Forestry Residue Briquettes Sustainable Alternative for Fire Wood:
Firewood is an essential part of life all over the world, this precious resource is playing vital role in the life of every rural family. It is here in the rural area of Pakistan where almost every village family spend good portion of their day in gathering wood for cooking, heating and charcoal making. This dependence on wood has remarkable impact on the forest and economies worldwide, globally forest are depleting at an alarming rate of 2.5 to 3% per year. This happens because people need wood for cooking, heating etc. and today wood is the most available and economical resource for poor. Destruction of these forests affects the rural poor making harder and harder for them to live without cheapest firewood. It has wider affects contributing to climate change and global warming.

Briquettes made from agricultural residues and other biomass waste has following advantages over other fuels such as fire wood, loose biomass & coal.
• Consistent CV (Calorific Value) around 4000 kcal/kg.
• High density of +650 kg/m3 and convenient size for easy transport from long distance.
• Low moisture of around 8-10% for easy and efficient firing.
• Round the year availability
• It gives much higher boiler efficiency compared to firewood or loose biomass because of lower moisture, higher bulk density and lower ash content.
• There is no fly-ash when briquettes are burnt.
• Combustion is more uniform compared to coal and boiler response to changes in steam requirement is faster due to higher quantity of volatile matter in briquettes.
• It is inexhaustible because it is produced every year and so forms a source of renewable energy.
• It is non-polluting because it has no Sulphur like coal or oil.
• Cheapest renewable fuel and most suitable for boilers

Biomass Briquettes are made from the Agriculture Waste, Forestry Waste, and Industrial Waste. It is converted into solid cylindrical shape. The Technology to binding the wastage is called the Binder less Technology. It does not require any kind of Binder or Chemical / Adhesive. Many of the developing countries are now diversified to promote this technology, because it has low pollution and easy to use. Briquets are used in the Industries like Paper Mills, Solvent Extraction Plants, Vegetable Plant, Chemical Plant, Textile Units, Dying House, Food Processing Units, Milk Plant, Sugarcane Mills, Leather Industries, Laminating Industries etc. The Machine to make the Briquettes from Agricultural Waste, Forestry Waste, and Industrial Waste is called the Biomass Briquetting Plant.

Birthplace of Nur Jehan -Sooran

Sooran is a place in the West of Nahar Kot, District Barkhan, Balochistan, Pakistan. It is said and believed by the local people that Nur Jehan was born here. It has been famous rout for different trade caravans in the past. The caravans used to travel to India and to Central Asia passing from these trade routs. One lady in such trade caravan forgot or due to enmity with chasing pursuers forgot the new born baby. It is said Nur Jehan's parents were on their way to India from Central Asia. But one thing is understandable that this place has been birth place of some important figure of the Mughal Empire therefore in reverence of that personality this Sooran has been erected.

Begam Nur Jahan (alternative spelling Noor Jahan, Nur Jehan, Nor Jahan, etc.) (1577 – 1645) also known as Mehr-un-Nisaa was an Indian empress of the Mughal Dynasty, of Persian origin who's tomb lies in Lahore, Pakistan. Begam Nur Jahan was the twentieth and favourite wife of Mughal Emperor Jehangir, who was her second husband - and the most famous Empress of the Mughal Empire. The story of the couple's infatuation for each other and the relationship that abided between them is the stuff of many (often apocryphal) legends. She remains historically significant for the sheer amount of imperial authority she wielded - the true "power behind the throne," as Jehangir was battling serious addictions to alcohol and opium throughout his reign - and is known as one of the most powerful women who ruled India with an iron fist.

Nur Jehan died in 1645 at age 68, and is buried at Shahdara Bagh in Lahore Pakistan, in a tomb, she had built herself, near the tomb of Jahangir. Her brother Asaf Khan's tomb is also located nearby. The tomb attracts many visitors (both Pakistani and foreign) who come to enjoy pleasant walks in its beautiful gardens, all personally laid out and designed by Nur Jehan herself.

Best Health Management Model

The Basic Health Units and other basic health facility centers were in dilapidated conditions across Pakistan. Many BHUs were occupied by powerful lords and vested interest group. The People's Primary Care Initiative team was given a daunting task not only to manage the affairs of BHUs and ensure the availability of medicines, doctors and paramedics. This task has been fully performed inspite of tremendous pressure on the PPHI management team. May God shower his blessing on the people who serve the ailing community Ameen!!!!
Perhaps due to very that reason and professional approach adopted by the PPHI team, the World Bank declared the PPHI as best health management model of South Asisa. The Members of Senate Standing Committee on Cabinet and Special Initiative carried out a surprise visit of the Sukkur District, Sindh province Pakistan.

World Largest Copper and Gold Minnning

Pakistan is blessed with the richest treasures of natural resources. All this hidden wealth has to be explored for making the best possible use of what Nature has bestowed on us. Saindak Copper-Gold Project is the first major venture of its kind in the country in the metal mining sector based on indigenous mineral resources.Copper mineralization at Saindak was known since 1901 but exploration work was initiated by GSP in 1964. Resource Development Corporation (RDC) was established in 1974 to explore, evaluate and develop copper deposits located in Saindak Chagai District Balochistan. The Saindak project envisages mining, milling and producing blister copper together with gold and silver as associated metals in Phase I to be followed by production of mild steel billets and sulphuric acid in Phase II. The Saindak project would yield for 19 years an average annual production of copper, 15810 tones, gold, 1.47 tones and silver, 2.76 tones. The contract between RDC and Metallurgical Construction Corporation (MCC) of China for implementation of the project was approved in Beijing on September 23, 1990, at a ceremony attended by the Presidents of Pakistan and China.
Located at Saindak in district Chaghai of Balochistan province, the project envisaged mining, milling and smelting of Copper Ore for yielding an annual production of 15810 tones of Blister Copper, 1.46 tones of Gold and 2.76 tones of Silver for an estimated period of 19 years. It is a unique project in the sense that "Resources Development Corporation" was established way back in 1974 for the project planning and execution and initial work in terms of planning started in 1978. It has been constructed with technical and financial assistance of Messrs Metallurgical Construction Corporation (MCC) of China.

The Saindak project was based on estimated ore reserves of 412 million tones containing on average 0.5 gram of gold per tone and 1.5 grams of silver per tone. The mine is reported to have produced about 50,000 tones since October 2003. According to official estimates, the project has the capacity to produce 15,800 tones of blister copper annually, containing 1.5 tones of gold and 2.8 tones of silver. The reported production results, however, have generally remained on average more than 2,000 tones per month, which means that more than production of 24,000 tones per year has been taking place
Saindak is derived from the Balochi language's 'siyahain dik' or black cluster - the name Baloch nomads gave to the area which lies along the ancient routes linking Central Asia to India. Driving from Quetta. just 110 kilometers short of Sainda, some literary people say it is from Say-dag (3-ways) a Blaochi word meaning (3-ways).
Pakistan is also bearing the environmental costs of the projects, as the production of copper is a long and dangerous process. The smelting of the copper ore emits arsenic and carbon monoxide, which pollutes the air and water near the mines. The copper is heated at high temperatures several times before the metal is ready for export. The impact of copper production on the country's environment is bound to grow at an alarming rate in the next seven years of the lease contract. Most threatened is the atmosphere in the immediate vicinity of the copper mine.
The local population, however, is not happy and they term it as exploitation of their recourses. The government and the mining company can easily divert resources for the uplift of local people. There value addition in the form of establishing small industrial units for preparation of the copper based electric goods can be a good venture to address the grievance of local people.

Finest, Cheap Leather Goods and Garments

The finest leather goods and garments are available from Pakistan through. PLMGES. Pakistan Leather Goods Manufacturer Exporter Association (PLGMEA) also undertakes special projects for uplift of the Leather Garments Industry like hiring of Korean Technicians for training Labor force etc. PLGMEA coordinates trade promotion delegations and places advertisements in prominent international magazines for creating awareness about Leather Garment Industry in Pakistan.
Activities of the Association are:
1. To protect, promote and develop Pakistan Leather Garments Industry & Allied Industry.

2. To consider and deal with all questions and matters concerning the manufacture of Leather Garments & Allied industry, and the trade and commerce in Leather Garments, of its members and devise ways and means to overcome difficulties or problems arising therein;

3. To make representations to Federal or Provincial Governments, Local Bodies or any other bodies / departments on the grievances and demands on behalf of the members of the Association.

4. To collect, maintain and distribute or supply such statistics, data and other information necessary for the uplift of the tanning and Leather made-ups Industry through letters, circulars, periodicals and press publicity.

5. To organize local or international Fairs & Exhibitions to help the manufacturers of Leather Garments and related products and to get benefit out of it.

6. To establish and promote contacts in foreign countries and develop trade relations with them in order to popularize the Leather Products of Pakistan.

7. To procure from and communicate with any organization, trade and industry in Pakistan or abroad such information as may seem conducive to the attainment of the objectives of the Association.

8. To setup Research Institute for the development of Leather Garments & allied trade & Industry including the use and production of indigenous materials to
make the country, as far as possible, self-sufficient and to take measures for the development of the Leather Garment & allied industry and for boosting the exports.

9. To establish and run appropriate organization for inspecting and certifying the quality of Leather Garments & allied products intended for export.

10. To set up organization or organizations to render specific service to members or non-members on payment of such fees as may be decided from time to time.

But Pakistan had also paid a price for it, the leather industry polluted the under ground water and thus has damaged the environment. The tannery industry in Sialkot and Kasur, Punjab province has severely polluted the aquifers of the area.

Precious stone

When it comes to Pakistan, God has bestowed Pakistan with plenty of precious stones. The Northern Areas of Pakistan are specially famous for this. Each year many tourists come to visit NAs and get gems as bounty. A gemstone or gem, also called a precious or semi-precious stone, is a piece of attractive mineral, which when cut and polished is used to make jewelry or other adornments. Most gemstones are hard, but some soft minerals are used in jewelry because of their lustre or other physical properties that have aesthetic value. Rarity is another characteristic that lends value to a gemstone Color is the most obvious and attractive feature of gemstones. The color of any material is due to the nature of light itself.

This difference in color is based on the atomic structure of the stone. Although the different stones formally have the same chemical composition, they are not exactly the same. Every now and then an atom is replaced by a completely different atom (and this could be as few as one in a million atoms). These so called impurities are sufficient to absorb certain colors and leave the other colors unaffected. Some gemstone treatments make use of the fact that these impurities can be "manipulated", thus changing the color of the gemA few gemstones are used as gems in the crystal or other form in which they are found. Most however, are cut and polished for usage as jewelry. The two main classifications are stones cut as smooth, dome shaped stones called cabochons, and stones which are cut with a faceting machine by polishing small flat windows called facets at regular intervals at exact angles.

Stones which are opaque such as opal, turquoise, variscite, etc. are commonly cut as cabochons. These gems are designed to show the stone's color or surface properties as in opal and star sapphires. Grinding wheels and polishing agents are used to grind, shape and polish the smooth dome shape of the stones.
Gems which are transparent are normally faceted, a method which shows the optical properties of the stone’s interior to its best advantage by maximizing reflected light which is perceived by the viewer as sparkle. There are many commonly used shapes for faceted stones. The facets must be cut at the proper angles, which varies depending on the optical properties of the gem. If the angles are too steep or too shallow, the light will pass through and not be reflected back toward the viewer. Special equipment, a faceting machine, is used to hold the stone onto a flat lap for cutting and polishing the flat facets.
The Pakistan Gems and Jewelry Company endeavours for the development of the Gems and Jewellery Industry of the country from mine to market and to enhance its competitiveness internationally by facilitation, technology up-gradation and skill development.

Mission:
Development of the Gems and Jewellery sector through use of appropriate technology and training to human resource throughout the value chain of Gems &

Jewellery sector.
The main strategic initiatives of the Gems & Jewellery Strategy cover the following areas:

1. Geological Survey for Gemstones Resources.
2. Boutique Mining.
3. Gems / Jewellery Exchange Centers.
4. Gems Identification/ Certification Centers.
5. Assaying and Hallmarking Centers.
6. Common Facility Training and Manufacturing Centers (CFTMCs).
7. Marketing / Branding through:
a) Participation in International Shows.
b) Local Trade Shows.
c) Market Studies and Surveys.
d) Advertising and Promotion.

Fake and Real Diamonds

Buying diamond jewelry would be a daunting task. Since diamonds are very expensive, you should be thoughtful and alert while purchasing them. You need to identify real and fake diamonds to be able to purchase those high quality real diamonds. Here is some useful information about how to know whether its a fake or real diamond.

Most women frantically love diamonds and is an obvious first preference when it comes to buying jewelry. Its unique beauty offers a gorgeous look to the woman. Diamond jewelry can go well with all kinds of apparel. Woman wearing diamond jewelry becomes a center of attraction in every event.

Diamonds come in various colors, shapes and sizes. Diamond purchasing can be an exciting task. Since diamonds are quite expensive, you should have enough knowledge about diamonds before investing. You must be able to recognize the difference between real diamonds and fake diamonds, so that you won't be deceived.

Select a trustworthy jeweler while purchasing diamond. While buying a diamond, always ask for its certification, obtained from a recognized diamond grading authority. Always check the diamond for scratches, scuffs or other kind of damage under a magnifying glass.

How do You Know Fake or Real Diamond

Most people love to own this sparkling, precious gemstone. However it is very difficult to differentiate between real and fake diamonds, as they are similar in color and glaze. But, you can identify fake or real diamond by using different methods.

• The first way to check the diamond is use of a diamond tester. It is an electronic tester that can check all types of diamonds except the moissanite stone.
• A weighing test can be used to know real or fake diamond. For example, the weight of cubic zirconica, the best fake diamond, is about 50% more than a real diamond of the same size and shape. Make use of a gram or carat scale to evaluate the stone.
• A transparency test is another helpful test to differentiate between diamonds. Flip the diamond upside down and keep it over newsprint. If you can clearly read through the stone, then it must not be a diamond. If you can see the bottom when seen from above, then it can be a mounted diamond.
• The fog test is another important test to know real or fake diamonds. Put the stone in front of your mouth and fog it in the similar way as you fog the mirror. If it remains fogged for 2-4 seconds, then you can take it as a fake diamond. As a real diamond disperses the heat rapidly, it clears up within no time.
• A real diamond reflects various shades of grey. If you find rainbow reflections, then it must be a fake or low-quality diamond.
• Generally, fake diamonds tend to sparkle at the top. Watch the diamond from a side angle to check how it reflects and shines. Real diamonds reflect from all sides, while fake diamonds look dull when seen from the side.
• While purchasing diamond jewelry, check the setting and mount of the diamond. Real diamonds are not generally set in cheap metals. They are set in platinum or real gold.
• When placed under UV light or black light, a real diamond reflects blue fluorescence. The presence of medium to strong blue indicates a real stone. However, this rule is not applied to all diamonds.
• You can test the stone with heat without harming it. Real diamonds disperse heat immediately and hence, they don’t heat up during the test. This test can be carried out within 30 seconds. This test is performed free of charge at several jewelry shops.

A diamond is a girl’s best friend! It is a beauty and unique nature makes it easy to admire. Diamond purchasing is a great task and an exciting pleasure. There are various types of diamonds so when buying real diamonds, one should learn about fake diamonds so that you will be able to distinguish between the fake vs. real diamond. Nowadays the best fake diamond is in great demand. Here are some of the simple solutions or the methods that will enable you to find out the difference between the fake vs. real diamond. The best way to know about the precious diamond is to acquire knowledge from a diamond professional. If possible take the diamond along with you to the shop and get all the details from the jeweler. The best fake diamond looks so similar to the real diamond that even a professional diamond jeweler may get confused and may have hard time to finding out whether it is a fake or the real diamond. In case you are not satisfied with the views regarding the real diamond from the professional, here is a way to find out which is a real diamond and which is a fake diamond.

The first method is to check the diamond with the help of diamond tester as it will help you to differentiate between real diamond and best fake diamond. It is an electronic tester that can check all the diamonds except the moissanite stone for which the diamond tester is not reliable. The best fake diamond is the cubic zirconia and the weight of this diamond is around 50% more than a real diamond of the same size and shape. This weighing test also can find out the difference between fake vs. real diamond.

Another method for checking the best fake diamond is the transparency test in which the diamond is placed up side down on the news paper and if the written matter from the newspaper is legible then be sure that the diamond is not the real one and it can be a best fake diamond. One of the disadvantages of this method is that some of the stones may appear to be a real diamond due its fine cutting. In this case, one needs to be sure about the cutting methods of the stones. This method is very common and enables you to find the real diamond from the best fake diamond.

The third method that helps you to differentiate between fake vs. real diamond is the fog test. Hold the stone or the diamond and blow some air from your mouth on to the stone, if the fog appears on the stone and stays there for next few seconds then it shows that the stone is a best fake diamond because in case of a real diamond, the heat disappears instantly. The oily layers and dirt on the stone might create some problems to differentiate fake vs. real diamond. Thus, before carrying out a test for best fake diamond, clean its surface properly.

The ultra violet test is another method that will enable you to find out the real diamond from the best fake diamond. The real diamond projects blue color light if put under the ultra violet light or the black color. There are two options, if the blue light does not appear, it can be best fake diamond or can be a high quality diamond.

All of the above tests can satisfy all the test conditions to differentiate between a best fake diamond and the real diamond.

Antique Jewelry

Antique Jewelry

Antique jewelry collection includes antique jewelry, vintage jewelry, and estate jewelry. You'll find antique rings, antique engagement rings, antique wedding rings and other spectacular estate and vintage pieces from the 1800's to the present. Online sites also inlcudes fine selection of bracelets, earrings, crosses, pins, brooches, necklaces, pendants, and lockets. Antique jewellery touches our hearts and souls with its timeless beauty. There's something magical about jewelry from another era and with its own story to tell. These cherished pieces glow with a soft patina that only comes from being worn and loved.

Choose an antique engagement ring

You have many choices for elegant antique engagement rings. The engagement ring collection includes one-of-a-kind engagement rings that you won't find any where else. Wouldn't you like to begin your engagement with an antique engagement ring? Many couples today are looking to the future by selecting engagement and wedding rings from the past. Choose your special engagement ring from an exquisite collection of beautiful, unusual, traditional and non-traditional antique, estate, and antique-style engagement rings. Shopping on the internet together for an antique engagement ring is romantic, fun, and exciting. Choose your engagement ring online and then go out and celebrate. When your engagement ring arrives, open the package together, and have a special dinner by candlelight at home. Brides-to-be and grooms-to-be of the 21st century are finding that shopping online for an antique engagement ring is a perfect option.
Antique Jewelry Education

The legacy of antique jewellery adds an interesting perspective to our history and culture. Passion, romance, beauty and artistry play important roles in the story. Visit our educational pages to learn more about jewelry periods, old cut diamonds like rose cut diamonds, old mine cut diamonds, and old European cut diamonds. You'll also find educational information on diamond color and diamond clarity. In addition, you'll find educational information on gemstone grading as well as a brief history of the three most popular gemstones: sapphires, rubies and emeralds.
Antique Jewelry Periods

Period pieces have a special appeal to nostalgia buffs and as well as cutting edge consumers. Owning and wearing a piece of jewelry from a bygone era is a way of honoring and appreciating the past. The popularity of antique jewelry continues to grow as more people discover the timeless beauty and remarkable craftsmanship of each period. Flowers, hearts, bows and birds inspired beautiful pieces which showed the craftsmanship of the Victorian age. Jewelry which was created during the Art Nouveau period embodied art for the sake of art, as well as a dramatic trend in fashion. Light and airy designs became hallmarks of Edwardian jewelry. During the Art Deco period, the emphasis shifted from soft colors and flowing lines to bold, bright colors and straight lines. The online collection includes contemporary pieces as well as jewelry from the following periods: Art Deco, Edwardian, Victorian, Art Nouveau, and Retro.
Interested in Selling your Jewelry and Diamonds?

Best care of dental braces.

How Do I Take Care of My Dental Braces?
When your mouth is loaded with extras like bands, brackets, and wires, from your orthodontic braces, brushing your teeth gets tougher and extra important. Plus, dental braces interfere with the chewing process that normally bathes and exercises gums, and helps clean teeth. General dental care like caring for your teeth and keeping them cavity-free, is a top priority during orthodontics treatment.
While proper-fitting bands or brackets usually protect the covered portion of your teeth, the brackets and wires on the outside of teeth make it harder for proper dental care.
Trapped food particles and plaque are a breeding ground for cavity-causing bacteria in your dental braces. Gum disease also can develop, causing swelling and making cleaning even more challenging and painful. Improper dental care can also stain tooth enamel.
How Often Do I Need to Brush With Dental Braces?
It's best to brush within five minutes after eating anything, even if you're just snacking, and especially after a meal. Brushing away cavity-causing bacteria helps keep your teeth cavity-free. Carry a travel toothbrush in a backpack, purse or briefcase to always have on hand for brushing away from home.
How Do I Brush With Dental Braces On My Teeth?
• Brush between wires and gums to loosen any food particles that may have lodged in your dental braces. There are special toothbrushes for this, check with your orthodontist or dental care provider for recommendations.
• Start on the outside of your upper teeth, positioning the bristles at a 45 degree angle, toward the gum. Brush two to three teeth at a time using a circular motion, about ten strokes.
• Next, brush the inner surfaces in the same manner.
• Brush the chewing surfaces.
• Repeat the same process for the lower teeth as for the upper ones.
• Rinse your mouth as well as your toothbrush. Check your teeth in a mirror to make sure you've brushed all tooth surfaces.
• Floss daily between dental braces using a floss threader.
• Toothpicks, stimudents and other interdental devices work well under brackets.
You may also want to use a water oral hygiene device that helps to remove food particles from your dental braces that the toothbrush may not reach. It should be used in addition to brushing and flossing, not as a substitute for brushing.
While wearing dental braces, be sure to schedule regular dental care exams every three to six months for cleanings to keep your teeth and gums healthy. Ask your dentist and orthodontist how often they wish to see you.
Orthodontic treatment (braces)

What is orthodontic treatment?

Orthodontic treatment is a way of straightening or moving teeth, to improve the appearance of the teeth and how they work. It can also help to look after the long-term health of the teeth, gums and jaw joints, by spreading the biting pressure over all the teeth.


Why should I have orthodontic treatment?

Many people have crowded or crooked teeth. Orthodontic treatment will straighten the teeth or move them into a better position. This can not only improve their appearance but also the way the teeth bite together, while also making them easier to clean.

In some patients the upper front teeth can stick out and look unsightly. These ‘prominent’ teeth are more likely to be damaged, but orthodontic treatment can move them back into line. In others, the way the upper and lower jaws meet can cause teeth to look unsightly and lead to an incorrect bite. Orthodontic treatment may be able to correct both.

When the teeth don’t meet correctly, this can put strain on the muscles of the jaw, causing jaw and joint problems and in some cases headaches. Orthodontic treatment can help you to bite more evenly and reduce the strain.


At what age should I have orthodontic treatment?

Orthodontic treatment is generally best carried out in children, but adults can have orthodontic treatment too – and more and more are doing. Age is less important than having the proper number of teeth. In children it may be necessary to wait for enough teeth to come through before starting treatment.


Who carries out orthodontics?

Any dentist may carry out orthodontic treatment. Or the dentist may send the person to a specialist who has extra qualifications. The specialist may be in a practice or in a hospital department, and is called an orthodontist.


What does it involve?

The most important thing is to have a full examination. This will usually involve looking at your teeth, taking x-rays and making plaster models of your teeth.

Your dentist or orthodontist will then discuss what treatment is possible. Once you are sure you want to go ahead, the treatment can begin as soon as you have enough permanent teeth.


Will I need to have teeth taken out to make room?

You may not have enough room for all your permanent teeth and so it may be necessary to take out some permanent teeth to make space. Your dentist will tell you whether this is the case. Sometimes space can be created using other forms of treatment.


How is treatment carried out?

Orthodontic treatment can be done by many sorts of appliances, which most people know as ‘braces’.


What is a removable appliance?

Simple treatment may be carried out with a removable appliance (a plate that can be taken out to be cleaned). It has delicate wires and springs attached, which move the teeth using gentle pressure.


What is a functional appliance?

It is sometimes possible to change the way the jaws grow, using orthodontic appliances. These functional appliances use the power of your jaw muscles and can help with certain types of problem.



What is a fixed appliance?

Often, teeth need to be guided more accurately than they can be using a removable plate. So fixed appliances are used. These have brackets and bands temporarily stuck to the teeth. A flexible wire joins all the brackets and allows the teeth to be moved. It is not possible for the patient to take the appliance out and so it is called a fixed appliance.


What are the brackets made of?

Fixed braces are not always made of metal. Plastic and ceramic can be used, especially for adults. You cannot generally get these braces on the NHS, but they are offered as a private treatment option.


What is headgear?

As well as an appliance it is sometimes necessary to wear headgear. You usually only need to wear it in the evening or at night. If you do not wear it in the way you have been told, your front teeth will stick out at the end of treatment.


What are elastics?

It may be necessary to attach delicate elastic bands to a fixed brace to help move the teeth. Your orthodontist will tell you if you need elastics.


What are ‘invisible braces’?

They are tough, clear plastic ‘aligners’ (moulds) that are used to straighten teeth. Several sets of specially moulded, slightly different aligners are made for each patient. Each set is worn for two weeks before being replaced with the next one. They are made from clear plastic, so they are nearly invisible. This means that no one need know you are straightening your teeth.

The aligners should be worn for 22 to 23 hours a day for the best results. They can be easily removed for eating, drinking, brushing and flossing. You need to have all your adult teeth before you can have this treatment



How long will it take?

The length of treatment depends on how severe the problem is, and may take anything from a few months to two and a half years. Most people can be treated in one to two years.


What happens when the teeth are in the right position?

When treatment is finished the teeth need to be held in position for a time. This period is called retention, and the appliances that hold the teeth in place are called retainers.

The retainers hold newly straightened teeth in position while the surrounding gum and bone settles. The retainers can be removable or fixed depending on the original problem.



How many visits will it take?

Orthodontic appliances usually need adjusting every 4 to 6 weeks. Your orthodontist will tell you how often your appliance will need adjusting.


Will it hurt?

All appliances may feel strange to begin with and can cause discomfort. If the problem doesn’t go away the orthodontist may be able to carry out adjustments to help. Teeth are usually uncomfortable immediately after adjustment but this will settle.


How successful will it be?

Success depends on a partnership between the skills of the orthodontist, and the enthusiasm and help of patient and parents. It is important to attend regularly and carry out any instructions given by the orthodontist.

The success of the treatment also depends on the commitment of the patient. For children’s orthodontic treatment it is very important that the patient is as keen as the parent.


Can orthodontics damage my teeth?

Your teeth can be damaged if they are not properly looked after during treatment. Appliances will not in themselves cause damage, but poor cleaning and too many sugary foods and drinks can cause permanent damage. Brackets, wires and braces can trap food and cause more plaque than usual to build up. So the teeth and appliance need to be cleaned very thoroughly.


Is orthodontic work permanent?

Even after retention, it is normal for minor tooth movements to happen throughout life, so no permanent guarantee can be given. However, it is unusual for teeth to alter enough to need further treatment.


How do I go about getting orthodontic treatment?

The first thing to do is to go along to your own dentist and get his or her advice. Your dentist will know whether you need treatment and make the necessary arrangements.


How much does it cost?

You can have orthodontic treatment under the National Health Service or as a private patient. National Health treatment is free for children up to the age of 18 and students up to the age of 19 based as long as there is a clinical need. Other people entitled to free treatment are patients on a low income, pregnant women and nursing mothers. Everyone else has to pay the NHS charges. There is no charge for treatment in hospital departments.

You will only be entitled to treatment under the NHS if your condition is serious. Minor problems may be classed as cosmetic and would therefore be charged privately.

If you decide to have treatment privately, the orthodontist will be able to estimate the cost of your treatment and give you details. It is always a good idea to discuss the cost fully before treatment and, if necessary, have the cost confirmed in writing to avoid any confusion.


How do I care for my brace and teeth?

It is important to continue to have your teeth checked by your dentist while having orthodontic treatment. You also need to take extra care of your teeth and mouth: 1 Clean your teeth carefully every day, including between your teeth where you can. Appliances are delicate and you need to make sure you clean them carefully so that they do not break. Your dentist or hygienist will be able to show you the special techniques to use depending on the appliance you are wearing.

2 Cut down on how often you have sugary foods and drinks. Avoid ‘snacking’ on foods or drinks containing sugars, and on fizzy drinks. Also, sticky and hard foods may damage the delicate orthodontic appliances.

3 Brush your teeth twice a day with fluoride toothpaste and, if necessary, use a mouthwash. Your dentist or hygienist may recommend a fluoride toothpaste or application for you to use. Look for a product carrying the British Dental Health Foundation’s accreditation logo. This shows that the product has been checked by a panel of experts and does what it says on the packet.

3d Animation

3D computer graphics (in contrast to 2D computer graphics) are graphics that use a three-dimensional representation of geometric data that is stored in the computer for the purposes of performing calculations and rendering 2D images. Such images may be for later display or for real-time viewing. Despite these differences, 3D computer graphics rely on many of the same algorithms as 2D computer vector graphics in the wire-frame model and 2D computer raster graphics in the final rendered display. In computer graphics software, the distinction between 2D and 3D is occasionally blurred; 2D applications may use 3D techniques to achieve effects such as lighting, and primarily 3D may use 2D rendering techniques. 3D computer graphics are often referred to as 3D models. Apart from the rendered graphic, the model is contained within the graphical data file. However, there are differences. A 3D model is the mathematical representation of any three-dimensional object (either inanimate or living). A model is not technically a graphic until it is visually displayed. Due to 3D printing, 3D models are not confined to virtual space. A model can be displayed visually as a two-dimensional image through a process called 3D rendering, or used in non-graphical computer simulations and calculations.
The process of creating 3D computer graphics can be sequentially divided into three basic phases: 3D modeling which describes the process of forming the shape of an object, layout and animation which describes the motion and placement of objects within a scene, and 3D rendering which produces an image of an object.
The model describes the process of forming the shape of an object. The two most common sources of 3D models are those originated on the computer by an artist or engineer using some kind of 3D modeling tool, and those scanned into a computer from real-world objects. Models can also be produced procedurally or via physical simulation.
Before objects are rendered, they must be placed (laid out) within a scene. This is what defines the spatial relationships between objects in a scene including location and size. Animation refers to the temporal description of an object, i.e., how it moves and deforms over time. Popular methods include keyframing, inverse kinematics, and motion capture, though many of these techniques are used in conjunction with each other. As with modeling, physical simulation is another way of specifying motion.
Rendering converts a model into an image either by simulating light transport to get photorealistic images, or by applying some kind of style as in non-photorealistic rendering. The two basic operations in realistic rendering are transport (how much light gets from one place to another) and scattering (how surfaces interact with light). This step is usually performed using 3D computer graphics software or a 3D graphics API. The process of altering the scene into a suitable form for rendering also involves 3D projection which allows a three-dimensional image to be viewed in two dimensions.
There are a multitude of websites designed to help educate and support 3D graphic artists. Some are managed by software developers and content providers, but there are standalone sites as well (such as Renderosity). These communities allow for members to seek advice, post tutorials, provide product reviews or post examples of their own work.
Not all computer graphics that appear 3D are based on a wireframe model. 2D computer graphics with 3D photorealistic effects are often achieved without wireframe modeling and are sometimes indistinguishable in the final form. Some graphic art software includes filters that can be applied to 2D vector graphics or 2D raster graphics on transparent layers. Visual artists may also copy or visualize 3D effects and manually render photorealistic effects without the use of filters.

Health Insurance

The term health insurance is generally used to describe a form of insurance that pays for medical expenses. It is sometimes used more broadly to include insurance covering disability or long-term nursing or custodial care needs.

It may be provided through a government-sponsored social insurance program, or from private insurance companies. It may be purchased on a group basis (e.g., by a firm to cover its employees) or purchased by individual consumers. In each case, the covered groups or individuals pay premiums or taxes to help protect themselves from high or unexpected healthcare expenses. Similar benefits paying for medical expenses may also be provided through social welfare programs funded by the government.

By estimating the overall risk of healthcare expenses, a routine finance structure (such as a monthly premium or annual tax) can be developed, ensuring that money is available to pay for the healthcare benefits specified in the insurance agreement. The benefit is administered by a central organization, most often either a government agency or a private or not-for-profit entity operating a health plan.
Historical Background Of Health Insurance
A brief history of health insurance coverage reveals that in the aftermath of World War II, the US government sought to provide maximum benefits to the populations in her efforts to reduce the burden otherwise incurred on rise in wages. This policy continued for a number of years, until the introduction of relevant laws in 1950 to provide Medicare for the needy populations of the state.

This was also the first time that the government participated in any form of financing health care on behalf of the populations, and this was accomplished through direct payment to the various health care providers including doctors, physicians and hospitals.
The U.S Government Played A Vital Role In Introducing Health Care Insurance

The US government also introduced the famous "Medical Assistance to the Aged" legislation in the decade of 1960s, opening doors of medical assistance and other health care services to the elderly and poor populations though putting restrictions on the extent of medical expenses.

This was followed by the passage of legislation for the establishment of 'Medicare and Medicaid Programs' in 1965 making a part of the Social Security Act. Responsibilities of these programs was entrusted to the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, all of who are presently covered under a single department of Health and Human Services.

The Medicare program was however run by the Social Security Administration, while the Medicaid program was run by the Social and Rehabilitation Service. Both these areas were then transferred to the newly formed Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) as of year 1977, and renamed again as the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS).
If You Opt For Low Cost Health Insurance, What Are The Advantages and Disadvantages At the moment healthcare costs in the U.S are spiraling out of control. Health insurance premiums are going up and most people now cannot even afford basic health care insurance. Low cost health insurance is an affordable alternative to normal health insurance coverage.

So what exactly is low cost health insurance? Well, low cost health insurance is basically insurance available at a more affordable or low rate. Here the premium that you pay is a small amount. With low cost health insurance, you do not have to really worry about the medical bills that you will incur. The main aim of low cost health insurance coverage is to look after the health of yourself and your family in an inexpensive manner.

However there are some big disadvantages to low cost health insurance. This is because as you are paying lower premiums this means that you are getting less benefits and coverage.

So what is a good health insurance policy? A good health insurance policy contains several types of coverage. Basic insurance includes hospital, surgical, and physicians' expense. In addition, major medical coverage is necessary in case of an accident or illness. These may be purchased separately, but you will get more complete coverage if they are combined in a single policy.
Basic Coverage

Hospital expense insurance pays for your room and board costs if you are hospitalized. Additionally this insurance typically covers other expenses, such as use of the operating room, x-rays, drugs, anesthesia, and laboratory charges.
Surgical Expense Insurance

Surgical expense insurance pays surgeons' fees and costs related to surgery. Related costs may include assistant surgeon fees, anesthesiologist fees, or operating room charges. Surgical expense benefits are generally paid according to a set schedule.
Physicians' Expense Insurance

Physicians' expense insurance pays for visits to a doctor's office or hospital visits. Usually, the health policy specifies a maximum number of visits per injury or illness.
Major Medical Insurance Major medical insurance is designed to protect against major accidents or illness. It is usually a broad policy with high maximum benefits. Most major medical policies provide at least $250,000 of coverage. And although coverage can vary from one plan to plan, the following are included in most major medical policies:

* Hospital services and supplies (medical and surgical)
* Hospital room and board, including intensive and cardiac care
* Physicians' services (diagnostic, medical, and surgical)
* Nursing services
* Other medical practitioners' services
* Anesthesia and anesthesiologists' fees
* Ambulance service
* Laboratory and diagnostic tests, including x-rays
* Radiology and other therapy
* Blood and plasma
* Oxygen
* Dental treatment resulting from injury
* Prescription drugs
* Outpatient services
* Convalescent nursing home care
* Home health care
* Purchase of prosthetic devices
* Casts, splints, and crutches

However when people opt for low cost health care, they get very few of these benefits which can be detrimental to their health. And if they develop any fatal diseases such as cancer or AIDS their health insurance does not cover any expenses.

So while low cost health insurance is fine for some, it has plenty of disadvantages as well.
What Is The Need For Health Insurance In order for one to have a secured life, there are particular things that need to be done. Safeguarding one’s self is the most important, and this may take place in the form of a healthy lifestyle. It must be asserted that having a healthy life style is not the only thing that one needs to consider because there are unforeseen things that could happen.
Benefits Of Health Insurance

Though one may take great care of him or herself, there is always a chance of a person falling ill. This means that any type of ailment can befall a person; it may even be severe and last for a long period. Types of illnesses that can take one by surprise include cancer. This type of illness is something that requires a great deal of consideration; it needs to be considered that it requires a great deal of expense treat, and those with out treatments do not have a chance of surviving.

Though one may not be able to prevent getting a disease, there is a lot more that s/he could do to prevent having slimmer chances of survival in case of disease. If a person gets him or herself insured, treatment can be taken care of.

Health insurance is a means of backing one self up in case of unforeseen circumstances. It is a method of providing funds for treating an illness that one could get unexpectedly. A person single-handedly may not be able to take on the expenses of a serious ailment, and for this reason s/he would need help. The help that one can get is in the form of health insurance, but this requires input on a regular basis. This input is referred to as premium.

Premiums may vary by the amount one has to put in on a regular basis, and the amount is dependent on the level of coverage. The higher a person’s chances are of developing a serious ailment, the higher the premium would be. Also, the amount of coverage that one wants influences the premium and the length of insurance as well.

Considering the chances of a person developing a serious illness, it must be asserted that insurance companies need to assess a person’s condition before ensuring them. If they find out that a person has already gotten symptoms that are close to the early stages of cancer or any serious disease, the insurance company may reject the individual’s application. If they do decide to insure a person in spite of their high chance of developing a serious illness that is costly to treat, they may insure the individual for a much smaller amount.

The chances a person then has of dealing with an ailment, should it develop, will be limited. This is due to the lack of funds. Appropriate medical attention that is required cannot be supplied, and for this reason a person may die. Hence, it is advised that a person should get a medical checkup and insurance as early as possible before any disease develops. A person’s chances of survival are greater in this way, and even incase of minor illnesses one can cover a great deal of the cost.
It is better to be safe than sorry as is said, and so, getting health insurance at the earliest possible time is the best ting to do.

Green Herbal tea

Green tea - is shrub that has leathery, green leaves with beautiful, fragrant flowers. Green tea has now become a favorite drink for many people. Both green and black tea comes from the same shrub, but there are some differences.
Medical benefits of green tea are really astounding.
You most probably heard about benefits of green tea. Indeed, green tea helps fight cancer,prevent cholesterol excess, avert tooth decay, helps with lose weight, and lower high blood pressure.
What to say about properties of green tea ? Japanese green tea comes to Europe from Japan many years ago. Some people bowling leaves, but, really, better is steaming it. Green tea leaves can used for cooking, just dry out it and then crush it.


Aside from usage technique, the properties of green rea stays the same outstanding. The most important benefit of green tea - is it's incredible antioxidant properties. By the same token, green tea contains such matters as minerals, vitamins A, B, C, E, F, P, U, and , in addition, caffeine, theanine, an amino acid, catechin, chlorophyll, and butyric acid, pectin, saponin and saccharides.
All of the benefits of green tea is 100% natural, therefore usage of green tea is so helpful.
The base structure of the properties may vary. It will depend on method of green tea preparation. Best way is steaming the leaves,
but not boil it, because this way benefits of green tea are less greater.
Most valuable properties of green tea - is the antioxidant properties.
Following of researches, green tea consuming lipid peroxidation up to six times more than black tea.

It means, japanese green tea prevent to damage of cells.
Catechine, matter which contain green tea leaves, is an active ingredient that help to cleaning out alkyl peroxyl radicals.
Another of the green tea properties - is polyphenols. This antioxidant also prevent to damage of wholesome cells, but reduce
and eliminate of cancer cells.
In addition, benefits of green tea help grow strong nails and hair, stopping bad breath, calming of certain stomach ailments,
and have good impacts on the body.
And we know, in addition to the medical benefits of green tea , it tastes
delicious.

Drinking four or more cups of green tea a day may help stave off skin cancer and the substance could be similarly effective if incorporated into skin care creams, researchers said Monday.

The brew, which is especially popular in Asia, where cancer is rarer than in the West, contains antioxidants that are known to prevent skin cancer in mice and may prevent it in humans, a report summarizing recent research into green tea said.

Previous research has suggested substances in green tea called polyphenols can kill tumor cells and may starve cancerous growths by limiting blood vessel growth around them.

ecommerce

Electronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce or eCommerce, consists of the buying and selling of products or services over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks. The amount of trade conducted electronically has grown extraordinarily since the spread of the Internet. A wide variety of commerce is conducted in this way, spurring and drawing on innovations in electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web at least at some point in the transaction's lifecycle, although it can encompass a wider range of technologies such as e-mail as well.

A large percentage of electronic commerce is conducted entirely electronically for virtual items such as access to premium content on a website, but most electronic commerce involves the transportation of physical items in some way. Online retailers are sometimes known as e-tailers and online retail is sometimes known as e-tail. Almost all big retailers have electronic commerce presence on the World Wide Web.

Electronic commerce that is conducted between businesses is referred to as business-to-business or B2B. B2B can be open to all interested parties (e.g. commodity exchange) or limited to specific, pre-qualified participants (private electronic market). Electronic commerce that is conducted between businesses and consumers, on the other hand, is referred to as business-to-consumer or B2C. This is the type of electronic commerce conducted by companies such as Amazon.com.

Electronic commerce is generally considered to be the sales aspect of e-business. It also consists of the exchange of data to facilitate the financing and payment aspects of the business transactions.

Foreign Exchange

The foreign exchange (currency or FX) market is where currency trading takes place. FX transactions typically involve one party purchasing a quantity of one currency in exchange for paying a quantity of another. The Foreign Exchange Market that we see today started evolving during the 1970s when worldover countries gradually switched to floating exchange rate from their erstwhile exchange rate regime, which remained fixed as per the Bretton Woods system till 1971.

Today FX market is one of the largest and most liquid financial markets in the world, and includes trading between large banks, central banks, currency speculators, corporations, governments, and other institutions. The average daily volume in the global forex and related markets is continuously growing. Traditional daily turnover was reported to be over US$ 3.2 trillion in April 2007 by the Bank for International Settlements. Since then, the market has continued to grow. According to Euromoney's annual FX Poll, volumes grew a further 41% between 2007 and 2008.

The purpose of FX market is to facilitate trade and investment. The need for a foreign exchange market arises because of the presence of multifarious international currencies such as US Dollar, Pound Sterling, etc, and the need for trading in such currencies.
We shall show you how foreign exchange traders make money online. It's really an amazing thing. Never before have individuals been able to enter this market, right from their own hom.e There is a lot of money to make if you know what you're doing. Figuring out which currencies are expected to go up and buying before hand is how you make profits. It works very similar to stocks, though it is quite different in predicting winners. There are a lot of people that end up losing money in this business. I'm going to share a little of what you need to know to get started in this business.

The first step you need to do is finding a broker. Not just any broker, a good broker. The internet is one of those places where it takes very little to make a website. It's hard to tell if you're getting a reputable business or some persons project out of a basement. You obviously want someone that can perform and a place that keeps your money safe. I always do research on forex forums. There are discussion forums where traders talk about brokers all the time. You'll find out, just by reading, which brokers are good and bad.

Another important aspect is having software to help you trade. Since this is a global market, that means the doors are open 24hrs a day. Obviously, you're going to have to sleep at some point and you need something to watch over the market. This is what software can do for you.
Are you one of those who have heard about Forex trading but not sure what it really is? Or you would like to find forex trading tips on how it works and if you can make money out of it, but not sure whom to ask? Well, I can tell you are not alone in this situation. Many people think that they are familiar with Forex trading, but in reality, most of them think that forex trading has something to do with stocks or bonds.

Forex trading is different from stocks or bonds. It is a type of trading that involves trading of currency pairs. The currencies that are usually chosen for trading are considered above the rest because they are stable and have a greater value than other foreign currencies.

For all the newcomers to the forex market, the first piece of tips is to protect themselves from frauds. If you're new in forex trading, it doesn't hurt to take some advice from the ones who are already engaged in forex trading. In fact, you can make use of their tips for your own good, and even to your advantage.

People across the globe participate in forex trading and that's why it is not surprising to see the kind of frauds that are able to infiltrate the financial market. To shield the legitimate traders from these frauds, they must be made aware of these growing facts, so that they can take suitable actions to protect their trading career.

The opportunities that forex trading provides for different individuals, firms, and organizations is growing rapidly every year. And accompanying this growth is the widespread growth of different scams related with forex trading. But you should not worry because there are a lot of legitimate companies or firms that can help you in forex trading.

The best thing to do is to find these legitimate companies to stay away from fraudulent ones. However, most new traders fall prey to these scammers because of their savory offers.

Don't get fooled by the companies that advertise high profits for minimal risks. The fact is that, if you want to earn high profits, then you are likely subjected to high risks as well. Higher rate of profit means higher risk.

So, always stay on the safer side. If you're looking for a forex trading broker, and since each broker is part of a certain company, make sure that you select a government registered company. In signing any contract with them, double check if they are registered or certified brokers. This is one basic precaution that will prevent any misfortune that you might encounter in the future.

The job of reducing the risk is entirely yours, not that of the broker; so if the company offers or promises little risks, guaranteed profits, and the like, that is a sure sign that they are there to make a fool out of you.

Even if you are not a professional trader, a little use of the common sense can help in long run.

Before actually participating in any forex trade, make sure you have done your homework. Do the research and jot down all the necessary details about the trading transaction that you wish to perform. Ever heard of inter-bank market? Stay away from companies which lure you into trading in the inter-bank market because the currency transactions are negotiated in a wobbly network of large companies and financial institutions.

Also, make sure to check the background or history of the trading company. If a certain company does not disclose information about their background, that should serve as a red flag. It means that you should continue doing transactions with them. Nor is it advisable to transfer/send cash through the mail or the internet. Practice caution in everything you do, and you'll be more than sure that you are always safe.

Fraudulent companies often solicit services and advertise soaring pressure tactics to attract you in participating or joining their services. An offshore company which guarantees no risk and return of profit is a big NO. Always be skeptical and don’t give in to any instant offer that comes your way.

What forex trading tips would you like to know about? Check out the professional advice below

- Get the latest information on online forex trading brokers system

- Help on learning forex trading

- Recommended forex trading courses

- What you should know about forex trading software

- Advice on forex mobile trading software

- More about forex trading signal software

Take a carefully evaluated decision about your trading company or transaction. These pieces of advice are merely to guide you. Ultimately, it will entirely depend on you to identify and reject offers from fraud companies. One wrong decision could seriously jeopardize you trading career, so act wisely.

The success of Forex trading, like any other trading, lies in your ability to buy for less and sell for more. You can trade in Forex market successfully if you keep patience and a little diligence. You can also safeguard yourself from Forex trading frauds if you stay alert and skeptical.

Benefits of green tea

More evidence for the beneficial effect of green tea on risk factors for heart disease has emerged in a new study. The study found that the consumption of green tea rapidly improves the function of (endothelial) cells lining the circulatory system; endothelial dysfunction is a key event in the progression of atherosclerosis.The study, performed by Dr Nikolaos Alexopoulos and colleagues at the 1st Cardiology Department, Athens Medical School in Greece, was a randomised trial involving the diameter measurement (dilatation) of the brachial artery of healthy volunteers on three separate occasions - after taking green tea, caffeine, and hot water (for a placebo effect). The measurements were taken at 30, 90 and 120 minutes after consumption. Dilatation of the brachial artery as a result of increased blood flow (following a brief period of ischaemia of the upper limb) is related to endothelial function and is known to be an independent predictor of cardiovascular risk.1

Results showed that endothelium-dependent brachial artery dilatation increased significantly after drinking green tea, with a peak increase of 3.9 per cent 30 minutes after consumption. The effect of caffeine consumption (or hot water) was not significant.

While black tea has been associated with improved short and long-term endothelial performance, this is the first time that green tea has been shown to have a short-term beneficial effect on the large arteries. Another study has already shown that green tea reverses endothelial dysfunction in smokers.

Green tea, which originates in China but is now consumed throughout the world, is made with pure leaves, and has undergone little oxidisation during processing. The cardiovascular benefits of all teas - as well as dark chocolate and red wine - are attributed to the flavonoids they contain and their antioxidant activity.2 However, says investigator Dr Charalambos Vlachopoulos, flavonoids in green tea are probably more potent antioxidants than in black tea because there has been no oxidisation.

"These findings have important clinical implications," says Dr Vlachopoulos. "Tea consumption has been associated with reduced cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in several studies. Green tea is consumed less in the Western world than black tea, but it could be more beneficial because of the way it seems to improve endothelial function. In this same context, recent studies have also shown potent anticarcinogenic effects of green tea, attributed to its antioxidant properties."

Notes

1. The study measured flow-mediated dilatation of the brachial artery, which is predominantly dependent on the release of nitric oxide from the endothelium and represents a well accepted estimate of endothelial function. Measurement of the brachial arteries was performed by high-resolution ultrasound.
2. Flavonoids are naturally found in many plants and have been shown to have many different biological effects in humans. Their antioxidant effects have been found in red wine, red grapes and dark chocolate. Oxidative stress, which has been associated with many human diseases, can be reversed by antioxidant intake.

google adsense suspended account

This happens when the google search engine by installed filters detect invalid click activity from any publisher. As a result google adsense account is suspended. Google is harsh in punishing the individual for invalid click activity . However there is online application form you can try to revive your adsense account but there are less chances that your account will be reinstated.

Environmental Pollution

Environmental Pollution A common good to be avoided
Every body is talking about environment, but in depth do not know about the common good. The worst is still to come.

We ought to use one plate with utmost care as every one is using the same one. So far the nations with more wealth and lack of their resources are bent upon to over and over exploit the nr of other nations but at the cost of whom?

Global Financial Crisis_Candid Solution

Global Financial Crisis_ Candid Solution

The Global Western economies are under a serious stress, due to reasons best known to them. The most probable reason is behind the exploitation spanning on several years and centuries. The greed for wealth that has created this phenomenon of regression and more you exploit the more you are prone to crisis. This has emerged from rest trends as we have seen. This attitude needs to be changed. We have so far not taken this trend seriously, as it should be done. But what is the responsibility of western and eastern leaders in perspective to the north and south. The thinkers in the west and east both do not see a hope of ray in the tunnels.

Here is candid solution------- contentment!!!!!!!.

Joke-hahahahahaah!!!!!

I sent flowers to someone who was moving to Jacob Abad for a job promotion. I also sent flowers the same day to a funeral for a friend.My assisitant made a mess, I found out later that the cards were mixed up. He sent the card to the guy who was moving that said, "Deepest Condolences, Ina Lillah-e- wa In ilahey rajeon," and sent the card to the funeral home that said, "I know it's hot where you're going, but you deserve it."hahahahahahah!!!!!

Tell Me?
An Elephant and Ant foght with each other, but elephant got injured at the end. Ask Why? Because Ant was wearing helmet hahahahahahah!!!!!

Elephant was hospitalised the Doctors laid both elehphant and ant on same bed? Ask Why? Because Ant was donating blood to elephant.
hhahahahahaha!!!!!

Mushooms can replenish protein deficiency

Mushrooms have been used as food and medicine since time immemorial. Their cultivation on extensive scale can help solve problems of protein shortage. It has been found that edible mushrooms posses high percentage of protein, amino acids, and vitamins B-complex and such other biochemical compounds.

This vegetable is also a rich source of dietary fiber and the quantity present in it is much higher than crude fiber. The protein value of mushroom is double that of cabbage, potato and asparagus, four times that of tomatoes and carrot and six times that of oranges.

The protein value of crisp mushrooms has been found to be 40-45 per cent comprising all essential amino acids. Mushrooms are a source of niacin (0.4g) and riboflavin (0.4mg). The fungus is a good source of trypsin enzyme. It is also rich in iron, copper, calcium, potassium, vitamin D, and folic acid. Mushrooms are valuable health food, which are low in calories, high in vegetable proteins, zinc, chitin, fiber, vitamins and minerals.

The fungus also has a long history of use in traditional Chinese medicine to promote good health and vitality and increasing body’s adaptive abilities. It is a highly concentrated food and unsurpassed for flavour in addition to being a completely satisfying meal.

Edible mushroom may be put in various sausages, minced meat and vegetables, soups, pastes and bakery products and many other dietary menus. It can be grown easily anywhere. However, cultivation of edible fungus also consumes agricultural and industrial wastes and produces such as straw and molasses, which is an excellent fertilizer and soil conditioner.

Mushrooms are colourless matter and do not need sunlight to obtain the requisite nutrients for survival. They can grow in darkness. A crop of mushroom can be produced in boxes beneath kitchen sinks and in garden sheds. For large scale cultivation, properly designed rooms/spaces are needed, with suitable temperature, humidity and darkness.

Desi Murgh Ka Soup (Chicken Corn Soup)

Desi Murgh Ka Soup (Chicken Corn Soup)

Ingredient:

Desi Murgh 4 tangain _4 Leg pieces boil in hot water, remove meat when tender, discard carcass

Chicken stock 3 liter

Corn Flour 4 tbsp

Chinese Salt 3 tbsp

Khaiwra Namak (Table Salt) 1.5 tbsp

Boiled Corn One Cup

Oil 2 tbsp

Eggs 3

Cooking Directions:

In a large pan bring the chicken stock to boil

After coming to a rolling boil, remove meat when tender, discard carcass

Dissolve corn flour before serving in one cup of water and add while stirring the soup

Add Chinese salt and Table salt

Add boiled corn

Add beaten eggs while stirring

Add oil

Cook till the soup thickens

Serve hot with Soya sauce, vinegar, hot sauce and black pepper.

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I broke 10^th Muharram fast with this Desi Murgh Soup, truly speaking I enjoyed it.